Método de análisis de la accesibilidad web

En A look at out four-point hybrid testing se presenta un método de evaluación de la accesibilidad web formado por:

Many people know that to test in accordance with the most well-established digital accessibility standards, we test against the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1 Levels A and AA, and the Web Accessibility Initiative – Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA 1.0). Certainly, what we test for is critical, as the standards provide the principles and guidelines to help determine the accessibility of a website or app. But how do we test? Is all accessibility testing the same?

Here’s a peek into our four-point hybrid testing, which we believe provides the best path to achieving, maintaining, and proving digital compliance.

OUR COMPREHENSIVE TESTING COMBINES THE BEST OF HUMAN AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• First, we perform automated testing on our powerful a11y® analysis platformwhich scans a website for accessibility compliance. It’s really smart and really fast, and it checks a site against hundreds of carefully-crafted rules. It’s programmed to break down applicable WCAG 2.1 A/AA guidelines and checkpoints into testable components. Issues and recommendations are logged, and the feedback generated includes specific suggestions to fix accessibility violations. Learn more about a11y® analysis
• Next, a manual tester with a visual disability will use assistive technology to thoroughly examine the content and accessibility of each page in scope, as well as the functionality of each custom use case assigned. Our manual testers are required to be certified in JAWS and NVDA (popular screen readers) and have five or more years of experience in accessibility testing. As native assistive technology users, they provide guidance and insight that can’t be duplicated by a machine.
• Then, a fully-sighted subject matter expert (SME) will review and validate each outcome and perform a complete second round of testing. Our SMEs are uniquely qualified with extensive accessibility, assistive technology, and business knowledge.
• Finally, a senior developer will review and finalize comprehensive reports based on the manual and automated testing, prioritizing and organizing the results to give teams clear direction as to where to begin the remediation. Our senior developers have over a decade of experience creating and deploying accessible mobile apps and websites, so they’re invaluable in their role of making remediation suggestions streamlined and clear.

WHY DO WE COMBINE HUMAN AND AUTOMATED TESTING?

Automated testing has a lot of benefits and should be part of a larger accessibility testing strategy, but it has limitations. At the end of the day, people of all abilities, not machines, are using websites. That’s why real people carefully testing under scenarios representing a variety of disabilities are required to understand the true accessibility of a website.

Código de la Discapacidad

 Código de Discapacidad es una recopilación de toda la legislación española sobre discapacidad.

En el apartado de Comunicación y Sociedad de la Información se recoge:

Ley por la que se reconocen las lenguas de signos españolas

Ley General de Telecomunicaciones (parcial)

Ley General de la Comunicación Audiovisual (parcial)

Ley de servicios de la sociedad de la información y de comercio electrónico (parcial)

Ley sobre reutilización de la información del sector público (parcial)

Ley de Publicidad y Comunicación Institucional (parcial)

Ley de la radio y la televisión de titularidad estatal (parcial)

Ley de firma electrónica (parcial)

Ley de creación de la Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia (parcial)

Ley de Medidas de Impulso de la Sociedad de la Información (parcial)

Breve historia de los lectores de pantalla

Realmente, la historia que se cuenta en A Brief History of Screen Readers es muy breve, pero algo es mejor que nada.

Convención sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad

 La Convención sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad y su Protocolo Facultativo fueron aprobados el 13 de diciembre de 2006 en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas.

El Artículo 9Accesibilidad dice:

1. A fin de que las personas con discapacidad puedan vivir en forma independiente y participar plenamente en todos los aspectos de la vida, los Estados Partes adoptarán medidas pertinentes para asegurar el acceso de las personas con discapacidad, en igualdad de condiciones con las demás, al entorno físico, el transporte, la información y las comunicaciones, incluidos los sistemas y las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones, y a otros servicios e instalaciones abiertos al público o de uso público, tanto en zonas urbanas como rurales. Estas medidas, que incluirán la identificación y eliminación de obstáculos y barreras de acceso, se aplicarán, entre otras cosas,

a: 

g) Promover el acceso de las personas con discapacidad a los nuevos sistemas y tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones, incluida Internet;

Y el Artículo 21 Libertad de expresión y de opinión y acceso a la información :

c) Alentar a las entidades privadas que presten servicios al público en general, incluso mediante Internet, a que proporcionen información y servicios en formatos que las personas con discapacidad puedan utilizar y a los que tengan acceso; 

d) Alentar a los medios de comunicación, incluidos los que suministran información a través de Internet, a que hagan que sus servicios sean accesibles para las personas con discapacidad; 

Llamada de artículos para "How Mature Is Technology in Helping People with Disabilities?"

La revista  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ha publicado la llamada de artículos del número especial How Mature Is Technology in Helping People with Disabilities? en el cual participo como editor invitado. Los temas de este número especial son:

• Machine learning 
• Human activity recognition 
• Ambient assisted living
• Sensor fusion 
• Big data 
• Internet of Things 
• Non-invasive sensors for sheltered homes 
• Generation of datasets with sensors related to different disabilities 
• Mobile applications for people with disabilities 
• Serious games for people with disabilities

La fecha límite para el envío de artículos es el 31 de diciembre de 2021.

WordPress añade soporte para subtítulos

Muy buena noticia la que podemos leer en WordPress adds support for video captions and subtitles:

The release of WordPress 5.6 contained several accessibility improvements, including the ability to add captions and subtitles to videos using the Web Video Text Tracks Format (WebVTT).

¿Cómo programa una persona ciega?

El vídeo ¿Cómo programa una persona ciega? dice:

En este vídeo, más largo que un día sin pan, y grabado de madrugada con mucho sueño (perdonad el tono de voz, xD) os enseño cómo un usuario ciego utiliza un ordenador, no solo a nivel de usuario, sino también para desarrollar software, y así, contestar a algunos comentarios que leí en la noticia de Meneame: 

https://www.meneame.net/m/tecnolog%C3%ADa/programador-ciego-espanol-denuncia-miserias-sector-nadie

¿Un programador ciego puede programar webs y apps de escritorio o solo backend? ¿qué pasa si hay iconos y botoncitos? ¿cómo depura? ¿cómo lee el código? ¿puede indentar o le vale para algo?
Todo esto y mucho más, en una hora y pico de vídeo. ¡Si llegáis al final ponedlo en los comentarios para que os lo agradezca personalmente, :P

La importancia de la revisión manual de la accesibilidad

En Smashing Magazine se puede leer el artículo The Importance Of Manual Accessibility Testing:

Automated accessibility tests are a great resource to have, but they can’t automatically make your site accessible. Use them as one step of a larger testing process.

Ejemplo de vídeo con audiodescripción

El trailer de la película Frozen sin audiodescripción:



El vídeo con la audiodescripción:

Maquetación de páginas web para lectores de pantalla

Muy interesante todo lo que se explica en Designing Layouts for Screen Readers:

It’s easy to think about a layout as being a primarily visual concern. The header goes up top, the sidebar is over here, the call to action is in an overlay on top of the content (just kidding). Grids, borders, spacing and color all portray valuable visual data, but if these hints to the structure of a page are only visible, some users may find your content unintelligible.

You can experience this first hand if you try using a screen reader on the web. When I fired up VoiceOver on my Mac and took it out for a test drive, I realized that to a screen reader user, a lot pages are just a big heap of ‘content’, missing helpful organizational cues.

The experience can be kind of like listening to a long rambling story without any indication to what details are important or related to the main thread of the story. Halfway through the story, you aren’t sure whether it’s worth it to keep listening because you don’t know if you’ll even find what it is you’re looking for. In the context of a website, your screen reader might be halfway through reading you a list of 50 sidebar links when you start wondering if there is any valuable content on the site at all.

Experiences like this are caused by websites that are built with layouts that are only visual. Ideally, however, our visual layouts should point to an underlying organizational model of our content. They should be visual indicators for a conceptual model. The visual indicators are just one way of revealing this model. The Web Accessibility Initiative’s ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) project provides alternative indicators to users who may need them.

I’ll walk through how to make use of these indicators to make a simple web page easy to use, navigate and read for users of assistive technology. All the example code is available on github.

DIferentes tipos de auditoría de accesibilidad

 En What to look for in an accessibility audit explican los diferentes tipos de auditoría que existen:

• Level-of-effort (LOE) Audit: A report which estimates the magnitude and cost of an accessibility remediation project. The report includes the number of pages to fix and the number of defects on each page.
• Risk Audit: Identifies severe and critical blockers that users with disabilities would encounter. This report does not include remediation recommendations.
• Detailed Audit: Identifies improvement based on the client’s preferred standards (WCAG 2.0 A/AA, WCAG 2.1 A/AA, or Section 508) using automated and manual testing that covers the scope of the client’s choosing. This report provides remediation recommendations.
  • Detailed audits are also available for specific regulations or technologies – such as CVAA, Kiosks, and native mobile apps.
• Screen Reader Acceptance Testing: Experts will test a task/use case/user flow for assistive technology/browser/OS version combinations of the client’s choosing and provide a rating on a scale of difficulty or failure.
• Validation Audit: Performed on a web page, set of web pages, or applications that have previously undergone an audit by Deque. Validation audits may also be done on mobile apps or PDFs too.
• Usability Testing: Accessibility (conformation to WCAG or Section 508) does not always lead to usability. Usability testing reveals what’s usable to people with disabilities.
• Accessibility Conformance Statements: A Conformance Statement is a document from a trusted third party that details the level of accessibility for your organization’s website or application.
• Voluntary Product Accessibility Template (VPATs): A procurement report required for selling web-based software to the US Federal Government under Section 508.
• Design Audits: A Design Comp Accessibility Annotation (DCAA), is a markup of UX and UI wireframes and comprehensive designs (comps) with accessibility requirements for developers.

Descripciones largas en Google Chrome

 Google Chrome permite generar de forma automática la descripción de una imagen que no tenga un texto alternativo, tal como podemos leer en Obtener descripciones de imágenes en Chrome.

Según se explica en Using AI to give people who are blind the “full picture”, parece que esta función se añadió en octubre 2019.

Aviso de vídeo que puede provocar epilepsia por fotosensibilidad

 El vídeo CYBERTRUCK vs F150 │ The REAL 1:64 STORY tiene el siguiente aviso al principio:

Aquí está el vídeo, para el que quiera probar:

Día Internacional de las Personas con Discapacidad

 Hoy 3 de diciembre se celebra el Día Internacional de las Personas con Discapacidad:

El Día Internacional de las Personas con Discapadidad fue declarado en 1992 por la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas mediante la resolución 47/3. El objetivo es promover los derechos y el bienestar de las personas con discapacidades en todos los ámbitos de la sociedad y el desarrollo, así como concienciar sobre su situación en todos los aspectos de la vida política, social, económica y cultural.

Una buena colección de vídeos sobre diseño inclusivo

El pasado 17 de septiembre de 2020 se celebró el Inclusive Design 24:

A free 24-hour online event for the global community. It celebrates inclusive design and shares knowledge and ideas from analogue to digital, from design to development, from planners to practitioners, and everything and everyone in between.

Todos los vídeos del evento están disponibles en la lista Inclusive Design 24.

Las diferencias entre la navegación por teclado y la navegación mediante lector de pantallas

En The difference between keyboard and screen reader navigation se aclaran las diferencias entre la navegación por teclado y la navegación mediante lector de pantallas:

People often include screen reader users in the much larger group of keyboard-only users. Whilst this is correct (most screen reader users don’t use a mouse), it also creates a false impression of the way screen reader users navigate content.
To help explain this, I’m going to generalise and refer to the two following groups of people:

• Keyboard users: people who don’t use a mouse but can see the content.

• Screen reader users: people who don’t use a mouse and can’t see the content.

This is a massive over-simplification of the different groups, but the ability to see the content or not is the crux of the difference in navigation.

Keyboard navigation

Keyboard users navigate through content using a limited set of keyboard shortcuts:

• The tab key moves to the next focusable element (like a link, button, or form field) and scrolls it into view if it wasn’t already contained within the viewport. The shift and tab keys together move to the previous focusable element.
• The space key scrolls the next chunk of content into view, and the shift and space keys together scroll the previous chunk of content into view. The pagedown and pageup keys do the same things respectively.
• The home key brings the top of the page into view, and the end key brings the bottom of the page into view.

This isn’t a very refined way of navigating content, and it isn’t without problems, but it generally works if you can see the content as it moves into view. That, of course, is where screen reader users come unstuck.

Screen reader navigation

Apart from things like live regions, screen readers only speak the content they’re focused on, and here we need to draw an important distinction: keyboard focus and screen reader focus are not the same thing!

Keyboard focus is restricted to tabbing between focusable elements. If a screen reader user uses the tab key to navigate content, all they will hear is the name of each focusable element as it receives keyboard focus. What they won’t hear is all the other content like text, headings, and images.

When using the tab key, keyboard focus and screen reader focus are synchronised with each other. The rest of the time, screen reader users have an enormous range of commands at their disposal for reading and navigating content independently of keyboard focus. The commands vary between screen readers, but they all have one thing in common: they’re tied to different HTML elements. There are commands for moving screen reader focus between things like headings, images, paragraphs, sectioning elements, lists and listitems; for moving between tables, as well as the rows and columns inside them; for moving to specific types of form field, like checkboxes, radio buttons, text fields, or buttons; and many more commands besides.

No todo es alto contraste, también hay gente que necesita bajo contraste

Las Pautas de Accesibilidad del Contenido Web, Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1, tiene tres criterios de éxito sobre el contraste mínimo de los elementos de una página web:

• 1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum)
• 1.4.6 Contrast (Enhanced)
• 1.4.11 Non-text Contrast

Sin embargo, no dice nada de lo contrario, el contraste máximo. Pero ¿pueden existir personas que tenga problemas cuando el contraste sea excesivo?

Sí, hay personas que pueden tener problemas.

En Accessibility and me: Marian Foley podemos leer:

I've been partially sighted since I was 9, and need large text and low contrast colours to be able to work. My requirements are quite unusual for someone with sight loss, as most visually impaired users need high contrast colours. My retinas can't process colour contrast properly, and spending more than a couple of minutes looking at high contrast material (web pages, documents, anything with regular stripes, spots or checks) gives me a splitting headache and motion sickness.

Y en este mensaje de Twitter:

Does anyone who works in accessibility for @Microsoft or @Apple follow me? I'd like to discuss settings needed for those with Irlen Syndrome. To us, text wobbles like an optical illusion. Luckily, it can be fixed with low-contrast color overlays, but that feature doesn't exist.

Según la Wikipedia, el síndrome de Irlen es:

Irlen syndrome, occasionally referred to as scotopic sensitivity syndrome (SSS) or Meares-Irlen syndrome, very rarely as asfedia, and recently also as visual stress, is a proposed disorder of vision.

Así es como usan Internet muchas personas ciegas

 En Así es como usa Internet un ciego. Al menos algunos se cuenta:

Si bien es cierto que la mayoría podemos hacernos una ligera idea de las incomodidades a las que se ven sometidas las personas que padecen algún tipo de discapacidad visual, lo cierto es que pocos somos conscientes de cómo estos individuos se desenvuelven en determinados entornos y actividades.

Es el caso de la navegación por Internet, un acceso sin el que muchos seríamos incapaces de “vivir” y que Facebook y otras plataformas tratan de poner más fácil. Pero, ¿en qué consisten estas iniciativas? ¿Cómo lo logran exactamente? ¿De qué herramientas se valen? Analizamos el contexto actual y les preguntamos a algunos de ellos.

Comparativa de plugins para evaluar la accesibilidad web

Muy interesante el artículo Comparing accessibility evaluation plug-ins:

This article reports the results of a study comparing evaluation accessibility plugins extensions for the Chrome web browser. Eight of the most well-known tools among developers were chosen. All tools are free or available under an open-source license, and work with the Chrome browser. The tools were compared based on their feature set, their usability and their evaluation results of ten of the Alexa top websites. We found that individual tools still provide limited coverage of the success criteria; the coverage of success criteria varies quite a lot from evaluation engine to evaluation engine; what are the most and least covered success criteria in automated evaluations. After analysing the results, we highly recommend to use more than one tool (with a different engine) and to complement automated evaluation with manual checking.

 

Una crítica a los sistemas que prometen accesibilidad web con una sola línea

 Según Eric Eggert, los accessibility overlay basados en inteligencia artificial no cumplen lo que prometen. Lo cuenta en su vídeo 5 False Claims 1-Line “AI” Accessibility Script Vendors Make:

Y el inicio de la transcripción:

They claim to be the be-all and end-all of all accessibility worries: “AI” accessibility tools. They say they provide “100% WCAG 2.1 compliance”. They say it only takes one line of JavaScript to “fix your website for accessibility”.

Who are “they”? VC-backed companies that promise affordable, effortless compliance for your website. If you think “that sounds too good to be true”, you’re right. It is indeed quite the opposite of true.

Here are five claims that “AI” accessibility script vendors make that are misleading or completely untrue.

(Intro.)

I’m Eric Eggert, a Web Accessibility Expert. You can follow me as @yatil — Y-A-T-I-L — on social media. If you have questions about this or other videos, or want to propose a topic, ask in the comments, or use the hashtag #askYatil on Twitter.

Before we get into it, whenever I say AI, please imagine the most expressive air-quotes gesture possible.

Okay!