Experiencias en desarrollos tecnológicos accesibles: Experiencia Ecuador

Conferencia impartida en la III Jornada de Accesibilidad Digital organizada por el Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (TEC) del 25 al 28 de octubre de 2016 en San José (Costa Rica):

Audiodescripción estándar o extendida

La audiodescripción, llamada en algunos países videodescripción, "consiste en la información sonora que se intercala en los huecos de mensaje en las producciones audiovisuales y que explica a las personas con discapacidad visual los aspectos más significativos de la imagen que no pueden percibir. Estos comentarios se refieren a la descripción de personajes (gestos, vestimenta, etc.), datos sobre el lugar donde suceden los hechos y acerca de la acción que se desarrolla en cada momento" (La Audiodescripción).

En Does your video need standard or extended description? se explica que existen dos tipos de audiodescripción, la estándar y la extendida:

• Estándar: Standard description is when the snippets of description are inserted into the natural pauses of the content being described. This type of audio description works very well for videos that have lengthy pauses in dialogue or that do not contain speech at all. The describer can add concise descriptions of the visual content where space allows. You will notice that the original video source plays continuously, and information is described in the pauses throughout.
• Extendida: Unlike standard audio description, extended description does not have to be constrained to the natural pauses of a video. Extended description allows you to pause the video content in order to make room for description, as needed. When you press play, the video and description begin playing. Then, the source video pauses temporarily, while the description continues. After that portion of the description is complete, the video resumes playing again. 

¿Cuándo es necesaria la audiodescripción?

As a general guideline, audio description should be used when there is critical information portrayed solely through visual means. For instance, on-screen text, changes in speaker, facial expressions, costumes, and scene changes all give context that help us better understand and enjoy content.

La transcripción de audios y vídeos

En Audio transcripts are important se enumeran los principales beneficiarios de las transcripciones del audio:

• People who are Deaf, or people with hearing impairments.
• Some people with cognitive impairments also process the written word better than they process spoken words.
• Non-native speakers of the language your content is in.
• People in noisy environments that try to listen to your audio/video
• People who can read 6,000 words faster than they can listen to a 1-hour show
• People with slow internet connection, or limited bandwidth
• You!
• Your content is indexable and searchable
• Improve SEO and traffic to your site

Libros sobre accesibilidad web

Web Accessibility Books es una lista de libros gratuitos sobre accesibilidad web o relacionados con la accesibilidad web:

• Accessibility For Everyone, by @LauraKalbag, A Book Apart 2017
• Inclusive Design Patterns—Coding Web Accessibility Into Web Design, by Heydon Pickering (@heydonworks), Smashing Magazine 2016
• Apps for All: Coding Accessible Web Applications, by Heydon Pickering (@heydonworks), Smashing Magazine 2014
• A Web for Everyone—Designing Accessible User Experiences, by Sarah Horton & Whitney Quesenbery, Rosenfeld Media, 2013
• HTML5 Accessibility, by Joshue O Connor (@joshueoconnor), , 2012 (older, but much of it still relevant; my review)
• For nostalgia’s sake: Web Accessibility: Web Standards and Regulatory Compliance, multiple authors, Friends of Ed, 2006
• Adaptive Web Design (second edition), by Aaron Gustafson (@AaronGustafson), New Riders 2016
• Responsible Responsive Design, by Scott Jehl (@scottjehl), A Book Apart 2014
• Web Axe’s list of Free Online Books on Accessibility (2011)

Uso del atributo title

El atributo title se suele utilizar muy mal en las páginas web. Ya he escrito sobre ello en el pasado:

• El atributo title
• Sobre el atributo alt y title, ¿cumplen la misma función?
• Consejo 14: Proporciona un título significativo para cada parte individual de una página

En el artículo Using the HTML title attribute – updated explican algunas cosas más:

Situations in which the the title attribute is not useful due to lack of support:

• Displaying information for web content viewed on mobile phone browsers. Typically in desktop browsers title attribute content is displayed as a tooltip. From what I could find, tooltip display is not supported in any mobile browser and alternative visual methods of accessing title attribute content are not supported.

• Providing information for people who cannot use a mouse. Typically in desktop browsers, title attribute content is displayed as a tooltip. Although the tooltip behaviour has been supported for 10+ years, no browser (except IE10+ [on focusable elements]) as yet has implemented a practical method to display title attribute content using the keyboard.

• Using it on most HTML elements to provide information for users of a variety of assistive technologies. Access to title attribute information is not supported uniformly by screen readers

• User groups not well served by use of the title attribute

Mobile phone users.

• Keyboard only users.

• Screen magnifier users.

• Screen reader users.

• Users with fine motor skill impairments.

• Users with cognitive impairments

Educación inclusiva en universidades presenciales

Conferencia impartida en el V Foro de Academia Innovadora "Fomentando una cultura de innovación, diálogo y accesibilidad con el apoyo de las TIC" en la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica el 20 de septiembre de 2017.

Entendiendo WCAG 2.1

En Understanding WCAG 2.1: A History of WCAG explican la evolución de WCAG:

The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, also known as WCAG (1.0), has been around since May 5th of 1999. Version 1.0 was published on that date many years ago. That first version of the Accessibility Guidelines was very focused on HTML and it was a wonderful step forward in making the web and digital technology accessible. It was followed, a number of years later, December 11, 2008, to be exact, with WCAG 2.0.

Incluye el siguiente vídeo:

Uso incorrecto de los encabezados

En Heading headache se muestra un caso extremo de mal uso de los encabezados:

<h2 class="h3" role="heading" aria-level="1">Some heading</h2>

Ese ejemplo presenta varios problemas. Una vez resueltos, el código anterior se puede reducir a:

<h2 class="display1">Some heading</h2>

Definiciones de UNESCO sobre discapacidad

UNESCO tiene la página web Fact sheets que contiene definiciones de temas relacionados con la enfermedad y las discapacidades.

Algunas definiciones interesantes son:

• Ageing and health
• Assistive technology
• Deafness and hearing loss
• Disability and health
• Mental disorders
• Vision impairment and blindness

Ejemplo de vídeo con audiodescripción

Se trata de un anuncio de Apple. Primero la versión sin audiodescripción:

Y el mismo vídeo con audiodescripción:

Cömo hacer vídeos accesibles

En Making Videos Accessible se explica cómo crear vídeos accesibles para todos los usuarios. Para ello hay que incluir subtítulos, audiodescripción y algunas técnicas de preproducción.

La explicación se encuentra en un vídeo:


Y también existe el mismo vídeo con audiodescripción: